mit Bezug zu: "Sacred Books of the East" (Karl Jaspers: "Achsenzeit" ⇆ Artur Danto: "History tells stories" ("Analytical Philosophy of History", Cambridge University Press 1965, p. 111; Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1974), "Nominalismusproblem" ⇆ "historical relativism", Artist's Communities (Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert), Grenzbegriffe "Indien", "Orient" (Alfred Dreyfus und die "Intellektuellen"), "Warenform" (Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels), Karl F. Kocmata (Thomas Carlyle: "Das ewige Ja", in: "Die verwandelte Erde. Ein Buch der Verheissung", hrsg. von Richard Teschner, Wien: Rudolf Cerny 1921), Amsterdam: Querido (Charles A. Beard: "Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika", aus dem Amerikan. übertr. von A. Meyer, 1949), New York: Knopf (Richard Hofstadter: "Anti-intellectualism in American Life", 1958; "The Paranoid Style in American Politics and other Essays", 1965; "The Progressive Historians. Turner, Beard, Parrington", 1968; Fritz Stern: "Gold and Iron. Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire", 1977; "Dreams and Delusions. The Drama Of German History", 1987), Boston: Beacon (Johan Huizinga: "Homo ludens. A Study of the Play-Element in Culture", 1962; Richard Hofstadter: "Social Darwinism in American Thought", 1962), Jean Améry: "Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne. Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten" (München: Szczesny 1966; "At the Mind's Limits. Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities", trans. by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld, Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1980)
Arthur Danto: "Analytical Philosophy of History", Cambridge University Press 1965, p. 110f.
"There were, however, two contrasts in Beard [Charles Beard: 'That Noble Dream', in: 'The American Historical Review', Vol. XLI, No. 1, 1935, pp. 74-87, reprinted in 'The Varieties of History', ed. by Fritz Stern, New York: Meridian Books 1956*, p. 323ff.] I wished to discuss. The first was his contrast between history and science. This turned out to be illegitimate. It was based upon a total misconception of science in that it suggested that science does not, while history does (to history's detriment), employ certain overarching schemes of organization which beyond what is given. We destroyed this contrast through pointing out that the employment of such organizational schemes was a generic feature of empirical knowledge. The second contrast was within history itself, a contrast between history which employs such schemes and history which does not. The question is whether, even ideally, there can be history of the latter sort. I shall now proceed to argue that this contrast too is bogus. To be sure, this might be said to follow from our results so far, so that no further argument here is required. Nevertheless, the matter demands some special analysis, and in carrying this out I shall be interested in making two points. First of all, there is an essential mistake, though an understandable one, in the model of historical activity implicit in Beard's language: that there is history-as-actuality, and here is history-as-record, and that it is the task of the historian to seek to reproduce (via history-as-thought) the former by means of the latter, though never quite succeeding. I shall try to show that we cannot succeed in this for rather different kinds of reasons than mere paucity of documentation, and I shall try to bring this out by trying to imagine what a perfect account would look like. Having seen why we cannot have a perfect account, we shall, I hope, see why it is not even an ideal for history to achieve, and that in the nature of the case historians are obliged to aim, not at a reproduction but at a kind of organization of the past. And this, finally, I shall try to exhibit as logically dependent upon topical interests which motivate historians, so that, if I am right, historical relativism will finally be vindicated. It will be vindicated in the sense that it is, in a general way, correct, and that we cannot conceive of history without organizational schemes, nor of historically organizing schemes apart from specific human interests.
My second point will be this. The difference between history and science is not that history does and science does not employ organizing schemes which go beyond what is given. Both do. The difference has to do with the kind of organizing schemes employed by each. History tells stories".
[ Anmerkungen. annotations. remarques. notes ]
* "The Varieties Of History From Voltaire To The Present", ed. by Fritz Stern, New York: The World Publishing Company Meridian Books, 1956, [ archive.org ].
"Part I: 1. THE NEW PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY: Voltaire [...] Part II:
1. CLIO REDISCOVERED: G. M. Trevelyan[.] From Clio, A Muse Fritz Richard Stern wurde am 2. Feb. 1926 in Breslau geboren und starb am 18. Mai 2016 in New York, US-amerikanischer Historiker deutscher Herkunft ("The Politics Of Cultural Despair. A Study In The Rise Of The Germanic Ideology", Berkeley: University of California Press 1961; "The Failure Of Illiberalism. Essays on the Political Culture of Modern Germany", London: George Allen & Unwin 1972; "Gold and Iron. Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire", New York: Knopf 1977, "Germany 1933. Fifty Years Later", New York: Leo Baeck Institute 1984; "Dreams and Delusions. The Drama Of German History", New York: Knopf 1987; "Einstein's German World", Princeton: Princeton University Press 1999).
** Charles Austin Beard, geb. am 27. November 1874 in Knightstown, Indiana, gest. am 1. September 1948 in New Haven, war ein US-amerikanischer Historiker und Politikwissenschaftler ("The industrial revolution", London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1901 [archive.org ]; "The Office of Justice of the Peace in England. In its Origin and Development", New York: Columbia University Press 1904 [ archive.org ]; mit James Harvey Robinson: "The Development of Modern Europe. An Introduction to the Study of Current History", New York: Ginn & Company 1907; "An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States", New York: Macmillan 1913; mit James Harvey Robinson: "Outlines of European History. Band 2: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present Time", Boston u.a.: Ginn and Company 1914 [ archive.org ]; mit James Harvey Robinson: "History of Europe. Our Own Times. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, the Opening of the Twentieth Century and the World War", Boston u.a.: Ginn and Company 1921 [ archive.org ]; "History of the United States", 2 Bände, New York: Macmillan 1921; "A Century of Progress", Chicago: Harper & Brothers 1932; "The Myth of Rugged American Individualism", New York: John Day Co. 1932;
mit Marry Ritter Beard: "The American Spirit. A Study of the Idea of Civilization in the United States", New York: Macmillan 1942; mit Marry Ritter Beard: "A Basic History of the United States", New York: Macmillan 1944; "American Foreign Policy in the Making 1932-1940. A Study in Responsibilities", New Haven: Yale University Press 1946; "President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941. A Study in Appearances and Realities", New Haven: Yale University Press 1948).
*** Gemeint ist Michail Nikolajewitsch Pokrowski (Михаил Николаевич Покровский, Michail Nikolaevič Pokrovskij): "Geschichte Russlands. Von seiner Entstehung bis zur neuesten Zeit" [EA 1910-1913], Übersetzung von Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert, hrsg. von Wilhelm Herzog, Leipzig: Hirschfeld 1929; "History of Russia From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Commercial Capitalism", transl. by D.S. Mirsky, New York: International Publishers 1931.
**** Walter Frank, geb. am 12. Februar 1905 in Fürth, Flucht aus der Verantwortung am 9. Mai 1945 in Groß Brunsrode kurz nach der bedingungslosen Kapitulation, NS-Historiker ("Händler und Soldaten. Frankreich und die Judenfrage in der 'Affäre Dreyfus', Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt 1933; "Zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus. Vortrag", Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt 1934; "Geist und Macht. Historisch-politische Aufsätze", Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt 1938;
"'Höre Israel!' Studien zur modernen Judenfrage", Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt 1939; (mit Karl Richard Ganzer, Gerhard Kittel u. a.) "Reich und Reichsfeinde", 4 Bände, Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt 1941-1943; "Adolf Hitler – Vollender des Reichs", Manuskript 1944).
***** Karl Alexander von Müller, geb. am 20. Dezember 1882 in München, gestorben am 13. Dezember 1964 in Rottach-Egern, NS-Historiker ("Deutsche Geschichte und deutscher Charakter. Aufsätze und Vorträge", Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 1926; "Vom alten zum neuen Deutschland. Aufsätze und Reden 1914-1938", Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 1938; "Deutschland und England. Ein weltgeschichtliches Bild", Berlin: Ahnenerbe-Stiftung-Verlag 1939; "Danton. Ein historischer Essay", Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt 1949; "Aus Gärten der Vergangenheit. Erinnerungen 1882-1914", Stuttgart: Kilpper 1951; "Mars und Venus. Erinnerungen 1914-1919", Stuttgart: Kilpper 1954; "Im Wandel einer Welt. Erinnerungen. Band 3: 1919-1932", herausgegeben von Otto Alexander von Müller, Stuttgart: Kilpper 1966).
Register der Überlieferung der Übersetzungen bis 1950
2. THE CRITICAL METHOD: Barthold Niebuhr[.] Preface to the First Edition: History of Rome[.] Preface to the Second Edition: History of Rome
3. THE IDEAL OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY: Leopold von Ranke[.] Preface: Histories of Romance and Germanic Peoples [...]
4. NATIONAL HISTORY AND LIBERALISM: Augustin Thierry[.] Preface and Letter I: The History of France
5. HISTORY AND LITERATURE: Thomas Babington Macaulay[.] History
6. HISTORY AS BIOGRAPHY: Thomas Carlyle[.] On History[.] From On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History
7. HISTORY AS A NATIONAL EPIC: Jules Michelet[.] From the Introduction: The People
8. POSITIVISTIC HISTORY AND ITS CRITICS: Henry Thomas Buckle and Johann Droysen[.] Buckle, From General Introduction: History of Civilization in England[.] Droysen, Art and Method
9. HISTORICAL MATERIALISM: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Jean Jaurès[.] Marx and Engels, From The German Ideology[.] Jaurès, Critical and General Introduction: Histoire socialiste de la Révolution française
10. HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: Prospectuses of Historische Zeitschrift, Revue Historique, English Historical Review
11. THE ETHOS OF A SCIENTIFIC HISTORIAN: N, D. Fustel de Coulanges[.] An Inaugural Lecture[.] Introduction to The History of the Political Institutions of Ancient France
12. ON THE TRAINING OF HISTORIANS: Theodor Mommsen[.] Rectorial Address
13. AN AMERICAN DEFINITION OF HISTORY: Frederick Jackson Turner[.] The Significance of History
14. HISTORY AS A SCIENCE: J. B. Bury[.] Inaugural Address: The Science of History
2. SPECIALIZATION AND HISTORICAL SYNTHESIS: Lord Acton and Henri Berr[.] Acton, Letter to the Contributors to the Cambridge Modern History[.] Berr, About Our Program
3. A 'NEW HISTORY' IN AMERICA: James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard[.] Robinson and Beard, Preface: The Development of Modern Europe[.] Robinson, From The New History
4. HISTORICISM AND ITS PROBLEMS: Friedrich Meinecke[.] Values and Causalities in History
5. HISTORICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION: J. Huizinga[.] The Idea of History
6. ECONOMIC HISTORY: George Unwin and J. H Clapham[.] Unwin, The Teaching of Economic History in University TutoriaL Classes[.] Clapham, Economic History As a Discipline
7. HISTORICAL RELATIVISM: Charles A. Beard**[.] That Noble Dream
8. HISTORY UNDER MODERN DICTATOR-SHIPS: N.[!] N. Pokrovsky***, Walter Frank****, and K. A. von Müller*****[.] Pokrovsky, The Tasks of the Society of Marxist Historians[.] The Tasks of Marxist Historical Science in the Reconstruction Period[.] Frank, From Guild and Nation[.] von Müller, Editor's Note to the Historische Zeitschrift
9. HISTORY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: Thomas Cochran and Richard Hofstadter[.] Cochran, The Social Sciences and the Problem Historical Synthesis[.] Hofstadter, History and the Social Sciences
10. HISTORY AND POLITICAL CULTURE: L. B. Namier[.] History[.] Human Nature in Politics
11. CULTURAL HISTORY AS A SYNTHESIS: Jacques Barzun[.] Cultural History: A Synthesis".
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