🧬 Was bedeutet es, wenn Marker anderer Haplogruppen auftauchen?

"Population Admixture: Over generations, populations can intermingle, leading to the mixing of haplogroups. For example, if a population with a distinct Y haplogroup interbreeds with another population, some descendants may carry Y chromosomes from both haplogroups, even if only one haplogroup is passed to male offspring." (quora.com/How-can-Haplogroups-mix[...], 2024).

copilot.microsoft.com: "Wenn bei einem Mann, der eindeutig zur Haplogruppe I1a2a1a1a1 gehört, Marker auftauchen, die typischerweise mit anderen Linien wie J2a (L152) oder E1b1a1a1 (L88, P-269) assoziiert sind, gibt es mehrere mögliche Erklärungen:

1. Technische Artefakte oder Testrauschen

• Manche SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) sind nicht exklusiv für eine Haplogruppe, sondern können konvergent auftreten - also unabhängig voneinander in verschiedenen Linien entstehen.
• Besonders bei sehr tiefen Subclades oder seltenen Mutationen kann es zu Fehlzuordnungen kommen, wenn ein Marker zufällig auch in einer anderen Linie mutiert ist.

2. Alte geteilte Ursprünge

• Haplogruppen wie I, J und E gehören alle zur größeren CT-M168-Linie. In sehr frühen Phasen der Menschheitsgeschichte (vor 40.000-60.000 Jahren) könnten bestimmte Marker gemeinsam vererbt worden sein, bevor sich die Linien trennten.
• Solche Marker sind dann prähistorisch alt und nicht mehr aussagekräftig für moderne Zuordnungen.

3. Testdesign oder Plattformunterschiede

• Manche kommerzielle Tests (z. B. YSEQ, FTDNA, Nebula) testen Marker, die nicht exklusiv für eine Linie sind, sondern eher zur Erkennung von Mutationsmustern dienen.
• Es kann sein, dass ein Marker wie L152 (typisch für J2a) auch in anderen Linien mutiert ist, aber dort keine phylogenetische Bedeutung hat.

4. Seltene oder unbekannte Rekombinationen?

• Das Y-Chromosom rekombiniert kaum - aber Pseudogenregionen oder Palindrombereiche können gelegentlich zu technischen Kreuztreffern führen.
• In sehr seltenen Fällen könnten auch Laborfehler oder Kontaminationen eine Rolle spielen.

Fazit

Wenn du I1a2a1a1a1 bist, dann ist das deine klare väterliche Linie. Das Auftreten einzelner Marker aus J2a oder E1b1a1a1 bedeutet nicht, dass du genetisch 'gemischt' bist - sondern eher, dass diese Marker entweder unspezifisch, konvergent oder technisch erklärbar sind".

Haplogroup F (leaving Africa)

"Haplogroup F, also known as F-M89 and previously as Haplogroup FT, is a very common Y-chromosome haplogroup. The clade and its subclades constitute over 95% of paternal lineages outside of Africa", "Possible time of origin 57,500-62,500 (Raghavan 2014), 45,000-55,700 BP (Karafet 2008), 43,000-56,800 BP (Hammer & Zegura 2002). Possible place of origin West or South Asia or Southeast Asia" (WP).

"One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra [Chiaroni et al. 2009, Tumonggor et al. 2014]. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam" (WP).

"F-L352/PF2728/M3734" (genetiker.wordpress.com/more-y-snp-calls-for-an-early-neolithic-hungarian-genome, 2015, "negative calls are in non-bold").

"Haplogroup IJK is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. IJK is a primary branch of the macrohaplogroup HIJK. Its direct descendants are haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K", "Possible time of origin 49,000-59,000 BP. Possible place of origin Eurasia" (WP).

"Haplogroup IJ (M429/P125) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, an immediate descendant of Haplogroup IJK (formerly known as Haplogroup F-L15). IJK is a branch of Haplogroup HIJK", "9,700-44,600 years BP. Possible place of origin South West Asia, Caucasus" (WP).

"Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK", "Possible time of origin ~42,900 Years BP, Coalescence age ~27,500 Years BP. Possible place of origin Europe" (WP).

Abb. "Y-DNA haplogroup diversion spread. Overview of a possible evolution of the Y-chromosome haplogroups beginning with branch CT. The dominant haplogroups in the euroasiatic and nordeastafrican regions are shown", "Actual HG-Dominance by crosschecking maps of Eupedia, GeneticAtlas and Robertius (Wikipedia EU map) and other Wikipedia HG maps", Chris R. @AlpGen, June 2012, under Creative Commons Licence CC BY-SA 4.0.

Haplogroup I1 (M253: The Gravettian and the Vikings 3-5 milleniums ago, "[f]ound mainly in Northern Europe", WP)

"Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup", "Possible time of origin 3,170-4,600-5,070 BP (today's diversification), previously 11,000 BP to 33,000 BP, 27,500 (diversification with I2-FGC77992). Possible place of origin Northern Europe" (WP).

"Räumlich könnte die Y-Haplogruppe I in einem Refugium auf der Balkanhalbinsel bis zum Schwarzen Meer überdauert haben. Beides lässt sich am ehesten mit der Gravettien-Kultur verbinden. Mit dem Rückgang der Gletscher breiteten sich die Träger dieses Gens dann im Nordwesten Europas, vor allem in Skandinavien, aus"; "Höchste Frequenzen: Kroaten in Bosnien und Herzegowina 73,3 %, Bosniaken 58 %, Darginer 58 %, Kroaten 43,8-51 %, Schweden 44 %, Sarden 42,3 %, Bosnische Serben 31 %, Serben 31,5 %, Norweger 40,3 %, Deutsche 38 %, Dänen 36 %, Isländer 33 %, Kosovo-Albaner 30 %, Finnen 29 %, Mazedonier 25 %, Kurden 25 %, Niederländer 25 %, Engländer +20 %, Rumänen +20 %, Bulgaren +20 %"; "I1 (M253): Hohe Verbreitung in Skandinavien und dem nördlichen Mitteleuropa" (WP).

"The Gravettian was an archaeological industry of the European Upper Paleolithic that succeeded the Aurignacian circa 33,000 years BP. It is archaeologically the last European culture many consider unified, and had mostly disappeared by c. 22,000 BP, close to the Last Glacial Maximum, although some elements lasted until c. 17,000 BP. In Spain and France, it was succeeded by the Solutrean and by the Epigravettian in Italy, the Balkans, Ukraine and Russia. The Gravettian culture is known for their artistic works including the famous Venus figurines, which were typically carved from either ivory or limestone"; "[d]er Begriff Gravettien wurde 1938 von Dorothy Garrod eingeführt, nach Funden im Abri La Gravette bei Bayac im Département Dordogne" (WP).

"Während der Wikingerzeit erlebte I-M253 eine weitere Expansion. Margaryan et al. 2020 analysierten 442 Individuen aus der Wikingerwelt von verschiedenen archäologischen Stätten in Europa. I-M253 war die in der Studie am häufigsten gefundene Y-Haplogruppe [95 samples]. Norwegische und dänische Wikinger brachten mehr I1 nach Großbritannien und Irland, während schwedische Wikinger es nach Russland und in die Ukraine einführten und mehr davon nach Finnland und Estland brachten", zusammengefasst aber waren Ableitungen von R1 am häufigsten [siehe unten]: "R1b (84 samples) and R1a, especially (but not exclusively) of the Scandinavian R1a-Z284 subclade (61 samples)" (WP).

Abb./Fig. oben rechts Alexander Shtrunov: "The Origin of Haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe", in: "The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy", Vol. 1, Nr. 2, 2010 (with M253, M423, M223, M227, M26, M284, P37.2). Sjur Cappelen Papazian: "The origin of haplogroup I1-M253 in Eastern Europe", in: "Cradle of Civilization", 20. Nov. 2013: "In 11-10th millennium BC global climate changes took place, [...]. Roots of haplogroup I1 evidently came from such Paleolithic cultures as Ahrensburgian and Swiderian; its carriers represented were the part of autochthonous population of Northern and Eastern Europe. The main activities of carriers of haplogroup I1 were hunting and gathering. [...] Carriers of haplogroup I1 were speakers of Paleo-European language, which didn't belong tothe Uralic or Indo-European families. Its traces were reveiled in the European toponomy and in the Sami language" (aratta.wordpress.com/2013/11/28/the-origin-of-haplogroup-i1-m253-in-eastern-europe). Lázló Pál, Budapest: "Until now, no strong correlation was found between the haplogroup I and existing languages/language families. But we know that people with haplogroup I populated huge areas in Europe before the Uralic and the subsequent Indo-European migration, and their proportion is still high in Nothern Europe, on the Balkan and among Uralic speakers as well. Studying the substratum effects of the relevant languages can be the only method to know more about their (probably long ago extinct) language(s). The best source can be the German / Germanic, a considerable proportion of its basic vocabulary can not be derived from PIE, and according to some linguists, even 50% of the German irregular verbs (these are important building blocks of the German language) can not be derived from Proto-Indo-European roots. (And cannot be derived from Uralic, Basque etc). Perhaps these are the only known traces of this mysterious I-language" (quora.com, 2020).

Abb./Fig. links "Vénus de Lespugue", "mammoth ivory, found in the Grotte des Rideaux (Lespugue, Haute-Garonne, France). Dated from the Gravettian, Upper Paleolithic, 23 000 years. Currently in the Musée de l'Homme, in Paris", 2018, von Vassil, gemeinfrei (modifiziert).

Haplogroup I2 (Early Neolithic "Nuragic" Admixtures: From Persia to Italy, Sardinia, Spain)

"I-P222 (P222, PF3861, S118, U250, rs17315723). Found in haplogroup I2a1b1a on FTDNA tree. Coincident with Y3259 (Sims et al 2007). Ancestral: C. Derived: G. Chrom.: Y. Pos.: 16776320 (hg38) - 18888200 (hg19)" (genetichomeland.com/welcome/dnamarkerindex.asp).

A marker from Haplogroup J2a

"Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia. The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia" (WP).

Markers from E1: Subclads E1b1a1a1 (L88/L88.1), E1b1a1a1h (P-269)

"E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. It was first reported in a person from the Gambia (Karafet / Mendez et al. 2008 ['New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree', in: 'Genome Research', Vol. 18, Nr. 5, May 2008, p. 830-838, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2336805]"; "African admixture in Europe refers to the presence of human genotypes attributable to periods of human population dispersals out of Africa in the genetic history of Europe. More recent African admixture - primarily Berber admixture from North Africa - is associated with historic migrations through the Mediterranean Sea and the Muslim conquests of the Early Middle Ages. This admixture can be found primarily in the Iberian Peninsula (modern day Spain and Portugal), with higher levels in the West and the South and Southern Italy, with higher levels in Sardinia and Sicily" (WP).

"Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M2 is primarily distributed within Africa followed by West Asia. More specifically, E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of the African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, and the Middle East. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175"; "Possible time of origin 39,200 years BP. Coalescence age 16,300 years BP. Possible place of origin West Africa or Central Africa" (WP).

"E1b1a1a1 [...] formed 15000 ybp, TMRCA 10600 ybp" (yfull.com/arch-3.10/tree/E1b1a1a1). Diane Rowold et al.: "At the southeast fringe of the Bantu expansion: genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships to other sub-Saharan tribes", in: "Meta Gene", 2. Oct. 2014, Vol. 2, S. 670-685: "As indicated by the Y-SNP haplogroup frequencies (Table 2), the E1b1a1a1-M180, and B2a1a-M109 mutations, both of which are signatures of the Bantu expansion, rank as the two most abundant Y-SNP haplogroups of the MAP [Maputo Province Bantu] population (at 71.8% and 14.1%, respectively). These haplogroups are followed in frequency by the Bantu and Eurasian markers E2b (7.7%) that include E2b-M54, E2b1-M85 and E2b1a-M200, and R1a1a-M198 (2.6%), respectively. The ancient East African haplogroup A1b1b2b1-M118 [M118+, M118-, M118-] and the Pygmy haplogroup B2b-M112 [M112-, M112-] are represented by one (1.3%) individual each." (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4287857).

"Bantu Expansion": "Chronological overview after Nurse and Philippson (2003):
1 = 4,000-3,500 BP: origin [highlands between Cameroon and Nigeria, Mambilla region],
2 = 3,500 BP: initial expansion ('early split': 2.a = Eastern [e.g. Democratic Republic of Congo], 2.b = Western [e.g. Congo, Gabun])
3 = 2,000-1,500 BP: Urewe nucleus of Eastern Bantu
4-7: southward advance
8 = 2,500 BP: Congo nucleus
9 = 2,000-1,000 BP: last phase" (WP).

Abb./Fig. Westafrica, openstreetmap.de/karte, Database Contents License: opendatacommons.org/licenses/dbcl/1.0.

Nogeiro et al.: "Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history", in: "Frontiers in Genetics", Nr. 6, Feb. 2015, listet in unterschiedlicher Sample-Verteilung für fünf Standorte (Marocco, Mediterrean, Libya, Bulgaria, Turkey): E-M2, E-M35, E-M78, E-M123, G-M201, I-M170 (only Bulgaria), J-12f2.1, J2-M172, KLT-M9, Q-M242, R-M207, R-M17, R-P25, R-M269.

1900-950 BCE: I1 related tree for latest marker S1954/YSC0000261 (Z140/S440, S1953/Z2535 → I1a2a1a1a1a)

"The I-DF29 paternal line [I1a] was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-M253 and the rest of humankind around 2600 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 11 descendant lineages known as I-Z63, I-Z58, I-FGC15560, I-A5716, I-Y14628, I-Y18697, I-Y11204, I-Y2592, I-PH525, I-BY169148, & I-BY183623. There are 59.849 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: Sweden, United States, England and 121 other countries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-DF29/story).

Abb. phylogeographer.com/snp-lookup/?I-YSC261, phylogeographer.com/mygrations?hg=I1&clade=I-YSC261. Marker I-L21 (I1, 4.500 BC, Belgien), I-DF29, I-Z2893, I-Z58, I-Z59, I-CTS8647 (2.500 BC, Frankreich), I-Z60, I-Z61, I-Z140 (Dänemark), I-Z141, I-Z2535 (2.000 BC, Bretagne), I-YSC261 (1.500 BC). Leaflet, Map data: OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, Imagery: Mapbox.

"The I-Z58 paternal line [I1a2] was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-DF29 and the rest of humankind around 2450 BCE. [...] He is the ancestor of at least 2 descendant lineages known as I-Z59 & I-Z138. There are 24.851 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: Sweden, United States, England and 92 other countries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z58/story).

"The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line [Z59, I1a2a] is estimated to have been born around 2350 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 5 descendant lineages known as I-CTS8647, I-Z2041, I-A12798, I-Y129360, & I-BY157528. There are 19.883 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: Sweden, United States, England and 84 other countries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z59/story).

"The I-CTS8647 paternal line [I1a2a-1] was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-Z59 and the rest of humankind around 2350 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 3 descendant lineages known as I-A11141, I-Z61, & I-FTD84484. There are 15.831 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: Sweden, United States, England and 72 other contries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-CTS8647/story).

"The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line [Z61, I1a2a1] is estimated to have been born around 2200 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 2 descendant lineages known as I-Z60 & I-S9939. There are 15.556 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: Sweden, United States, England and 71 other contries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z61/story).

"The I-Z60 paternal line was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-Z61 and the rest of humankind around 2200 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 2100 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 10 descendant lineages known as I-CTS7362, I-FGC23806, I-Z140, I-A9290, I-BY56697, I-A9103, I-FT220000, I-BY70880 and 2 yet unnamed lineages" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z60/story). "The I-Z140 paternal line [I1a2a1a] was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-Z60 and the rest of humankind around 2100 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 2000 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 4 descendant lineages known as I-Z141, I-A16593, I-E564, & I-FT383503. There are 8.721 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: England, United States, Germany and 65 other countries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z140/story).

"1a2a1a (Z140): Wird vor allem in Deutschland und in geringerer Häufigkeit auch in Frankreich, den BeNeLux-Staaten und den britischen Inseln gefunden" (WP).

"I1-Z140, Z14/S440 comes off the main I1-M253 Z58 -> Z62 branch. It then divides into five main branches, Y6231+, A196+, A1374+, F2642+ and Z2535+ [...]. Z2535 includes subgroups defined by SNPs: L338, YSC261, S12289; Y8333, Y8334, S1990, S2001, Y4015; A375, S1972, A376, S2000, Y3166, A264, A681, A261" (wikitree.com/wiki/Category:Y-DNA_Haplogroup_I-Z140).

"The I-Z141 paternal line was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-Z140 and the rest of humankind around 2000 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 1900 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 11 descendant lineages known as I-Z2535, I-FGC22406, I-Y5497, I-CTS6739, I-P259, I-FT214006, I-BY476, I-FT216827, I-FT137449, I-FGC94381, & I-FTA48749" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z141/story). "The I-S1953/Z2535 paternal line [I1a2a1a1, and I1a2a1a-1, S1954/YSC0000261] was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-Z141 and the rest of humankind around 1900 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 1850 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 2 descendant lineages known as I-L338 & I-CTS10937. There are 3.808 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: England, United States, Germany and 49 other countries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-Z2535/story).

"The I-L338 paternal line [I1a2a1a1a] was formed when it branched off from the ancestor I-Z2535 and the rest of humankind around 1850 BCE. The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 950 BCE. He is the ancestor of at least 2 descendant lineages known as I-S12289 & I-FT456763. There are 3.106 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from: England, United States, Scotland and 39 other countries" (discover.familytreedna.com/y-dna/I-L338/story).

"If you check the ISOGG 2014 Tree you will find L41/PF3787 [I1a2a1a1a-1] as a defining SNP for Hapogroup I at the highest level. This is an error in the FTDNA I Haplotree that Morley did not correct" (forums.familytreedna.com/forum/y-dna-haplogroup-project-forums/i/i1-dna-project, 2014).

"Haplogroup I-S1954 is descended from haplogroup I-M170. Among 23andMe research participants, haplogroup I-S1954 is commonly found among populations in the United Kingdom and Ireland. [...] Haplogroup I-S1954 is linked to Alexander Hamilton. [...I]n the 21st century, genealogists documented the paternal haplogroups of dozens of Hamilton's living descendants and concluded that the Founding Father's paternal haplogroup was a branch of I-DF29" (discover.23andme.com/haplogroup/I1a2a1a1a-paternal).

1300 BCE - 700 CE: E/R related tree hypotheses for latest marker S1954/YSC0000261

"DNA Marker Index data for Marker: YSC0000261 on Chromosome: Y

(1) I-YSC0000261: YSC0000261.1 YSC0000261 S1954 YSC261.1 YSC261 rs751841691. Found in haplogroup I1a under Z2535 as an intermediate branch on ISOGG tree. See also YSC261.2 in haplogroup E1b. See also YSC261.3 in haplogroup R1b. See also YSC0000261.2 in haplogroup E1b. See also YSC0000261.3 in haplogroup R1b. See also YSC0000261.4 in haplogroup E1b. Phylogenetic Parent: Z2535. Phylogenetic Children: L338 (Thomas Krahn, FTDNA 2010), Pos. hg38: 12864559. Pos. hg19: 14976484.

(2) E-YSC0000261: YSC0000261.2 YSC261.2 rs751841691. Found in haplogroup E. See also YSC261.1 in haplogroup I1a. See also YSC261.3 in haplogroup R1b. See also YSC0000261.1 in haplogroup I1a. See also YSC0000261.3 in haplogroup R1b. See also YSC0000261.4 in haplogroup E1b. Coincident with Y161123 (YFull 2019). Pos. hg38: 12864559. Pos. hg19: 14976484" (genetichomeland.com/dna-marker/chromosome-Y/YSC0000261).

Abb. phylogeographer.com/snp-lookup/?I-YSC261, mygrations/?hg=E&clade=E-Y161123. Marker E-P147, E-P177, E-M215, E-M35 (8.000 BC), E-L539, E-M78, (5.000 BC, Zypern), E-V65 (1.500 BC, Süditalien), E-Z1231, E-Z21238, E-CTS194 (1.000 BC, Tunesien bis Sardinien), E-Y30691, E-V1174 (500 AD, Libyen), E-Y161123 (1.850 AD, Ägypten). Leaflet, Map data: OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA, Imagery: Mapbox.

(3) "R-YSC0000261: YSC0000261.3 YSC261.3 rs751841691. Found in haplogroup R1b with S15337. See also YSC261.2 in haplogroup E1b. See also YSC261.1 in haplogroup I1a. See also YSC0000261.1 in haplogroup I1a. See also YSC0000261.2 in haplogroup E1b. See also YSC0000261.4 in haplogroup E1b. Coincident with BY76952 (YFull 2019). Pos. hg38: 12864559. Pos. hg19: 14976484" (genetichomeland.com/dna-marker/chromosome-Y/YSC0000261).

(4) "E-YSC0000261: YSC0000261.4 rs751841691. Found in haplogroup E1b. See also YSC0000261.1 in haplogroup I1a. See also YSC0000261.2 in haplogroup E1b. See also YSC0000261.3 in haplogroup R1b. Coincident with FTF58694 (FTDNA 2024). Pos. hg38: 12864559. Pos. hg19: 14976484" (genetichomeland.com/dna-marker/chromosome-Y/YSC0000261).

Zurück zum Inhaltsverzeichnis
E-Mail: kriswagenseil [at] gmx [point] de